Executive Summary: This is an extremely dynamic time in the California energy industry. Electricity providers are facing new generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure needs, aggressive renewable energy and emissions goals, and increasingly complex, multifaceted, and multi-jurisdictional policies and regulations, all while striving to maintain reliable and affordable service. Additionally, transportation fuel providers will have to meet stringent carbon intensity limits. As the goals and objectives of these policies and regulations mature from legislation to implementation, they are beginning to introduce additional and potentially substantial costs to the California energy industry.